SagitaKoe

Set the software ios

2009-07-05T21:16:00.024+07:00

Cisco internetworking devices using multiple files to operate, such as Cisco ios image and configuration files. Administrator must set the file-file. This module expects you to be able to:

Mengidenfikasi boot sequence
Determine how the device is allocated cisco and load ios
Use the command boot system
Identify the value of configuration register
Describes the files used by the ios and function
Sign up the location of the file types on a different router
Using TFTP and copy and paste to save the configuration file
Using TFTP to load ios
Using Xmodem to load ios
Using the show command to verify the file system

1. Order of router startup

The goal of the startup routine ios of cisco router is to start operating. Router must be connected to the network, the startup routine should be followed step-step the following:

Testing of hardware router
Search for and load ios
Finding and using the commands in the configuration functions such as protocol and interface address

Figure 1.1 router startup sequence

Setting the configuration register:

Global configuration mode command boot system - used to determine the sources used / entered the router so that the process of sequence
If the system boot from the NVRAM can be used, the system will use the ios in flash memory as the default
If the flash memory contents empty, the router will attempt to use TFTP to load ios image from the network
If the TFTP server does not exist, the router will load limited version of the ios stored in ROM

Figure 1.2 The location of the software ios

2. Use the command boot system

There are 3 systems used by the ios, the first load of flash memory, then from the network server and from the last ROM.

Flash memory - the system image can be loaded from flash memory. Information stored in flash memory
Network server - if damaged flash memory, image system can be loaded from the TFTP server
ROM - bootstrap the last option is to boot from ROM

Figure 2.1 boot ios from flash memory

Figure 2.2 ios boot from TFTP server

Figure 2.3 ios boot from ROM

Command copy running-config startup-config save the commands to NVRAM.

Configuration register

To make changes to the configuration register, the following are the steps:

To enter the ROM monitor mode, set the configuration register value to 0xnnn0, where nnn indicates the previous value. Set the value of nnn be 000. After reloading the router will boot to ROM monitor. Use the b to boot manually
To boot from the first image in flash or boot to ios in ROM, set the configuration register to 0xnnn1, where nnn indicates the previous value. Set to 000, cisco with the old platform, such as cisco 1600 and 2500, will be limited to the boot ROM in ios. For more recent platforms such as cisco 1700, 2600 and higher will boot from the first image in flash
To configure the system using the boot system commands in NVRAM, set the configuration register to 0xnnn2 until 0xnnnF. So start setting 0010 up to 1111. Then the router will be doing the boot sequence of commands stored in NVRAM until the process was successful

Figure 2.4 receive information from the configuration register

Figure 2.5 Configuration register

There are several reasons why the router can not boot correctly:

Configuration file is missing or incorrect commands boot the system
Configuration register value is incorrect
Image in flash broken
Damage to the hardware

When the router boots the first time, he was looking for the startup configuration in order to boot the system. Boot the system is able to force the router to boot from another image from the ios stored in flash.
Use the show running-config and boot systemnya see on the top of the line configuration. If the boot system is the wrong use ios no command to disable the command.
If the configuration register is incorrect, ios can not load from flash memory. Value of the configuration register indicates where to get a router ios. To confirm this, use the show version and see the configuration register.

Figure 2.6 identifies the source boot image

Set the file system Cisco

Software in the router indicated by the configuration file. Configuration contains a set of commands that determine how the routing switch and running. Network administrator to create the configuration file, for example, determine the IP address of interface, protocol and routing information between the network router. This configuration file may reach several hundred or thousand bytes.

Ios tersimoan flash in the future be used for operating system when first turned on the router. Flash also provides a mechanism for the operating system upgrade.

While the configuration file stored in NVRAM which is used for start-up the router, while for the currently running configuration file stored in RAM.

Image component software in the memory

Figure 2.7 General settings memory

Figure 2.8 commands ios versi12.0 and ios version 12.x

There are many versions ios cisco. Each platform's support ios router features. To identify the version differences, the format used way of writing the name of the file ios which divided into several fields, field-naming the file name field contains the identification ios platform, features, and release number.
The first part of naming the name of the file ios show of hardware platforms where image is designed. The second part shows the features are provided by the router. Example feature set provided by the cisco router:

Basic - a basic feature set of hardware platforms such as IP and IP / FW
Plus - means that basic features such as additional IP Plus, IP / FW Plus and Enterprise Plus
Encryption - a 56 bit encrypted data such as the 56 Plus is a combination of features and base features plus, for example, IP / ATM PLUS IPSEC 56 or Enterprise Plus 56

The design of encryption Cisco Release 12.2 or K8 is the latest and k9:

K8 - less than or equal to 64-bit encryption in the ios version 12.2 or later
K9 - more than the 64-bit encryption in the ios version 12.2 or later

The third shows the format of the files stored in flash format terkompresi or not. If the file is terkompresi, at the time of the initial boot, the files will be in the extract and copy to RAM. The fourth release from ios show that is shown by the release number. The large number means that the new releasenya.

2.9 in the field-field naming ios

Set the configuration file with TFTP

All cisco router configuration must be saved in the backup and the TFTP server using the command copy running-config TFTP. While the process is as follows:

Enter the command copy running-config TFTP
Enter the IP address of the TFTP server
Enter the name of configuration file or accept the default name
Type yes to confirm

To backup the configuration file on the TFTP server to the cisco router, the following manner:

Enter the command copy running-config TFTP
Select a host or network configuration file
Enter the IP address of the TFTP server
Enter the name of the file configuration
Type yes to confirm

Figure 2:10 copy running-config TFTP

Figure 2:11 TFTP command copy running-config

Another way to backup the configuration with the capture of the display show running-config. To do so as follows:

Open the program hyperterminal
Select Transfer
Specify the file name to save the text configuration cisco router
Select Select to start the text capture
Use the command show running-config
Press spacebar when viewing any posts "-More-"

When finished, use the following steps:

Select Transfer
Select the Text Capture
Select Stop

After the capture is complete, the configuration file can also be obtained and the bias-edit with the text-text that is not necessary or even add new commands.

Figure 2:12 the configuration file

Figure 2:13 the configuration file

Ios must also be in the backup and upgraded. To make a backup ios can be done using the command copy flash TFTP. And how to upgrade the file to copy a new ios to release flas cisco router with the command copy flash TFTP. And to restore the process in a way to give the command copy flash TFTP.

Figure 2:14 ios image using the TFTP

If the ios image in flash erased or damaged, the process requires ios restore from ROM monitor mode (ROMmon). In some type of cisco router ROMmon demonstrated by prompt rommon 1>, for example:

rommon 1> boot flash: c2600-is-mz.121-5

Figure 2:15 confreg

And can also be done with the xmodem command, which is the format command xmodem-c image_file_name. Example to restore denghan name ios c2600-is-mz.122-10a.bin with how to use the command:

xmodem -c c2600-is-mz.122-10a.bin

Figure 2:16 command xmodem

Figure 2.17 file popup window

Variable minimum required to use tftpdnld is:

IP_ADDRESS - ip address of the LAN interface
IP_SUBNET_MASK - subnet mask of LAN interface
DEFAULT_GATEWAY - default gateway for the LAN interface
TFTP_SERVER - IP address of the TFTP server
TFTP_FILE - ios the name of the file on the server

To use the bias is set on ROMmon

Figure 2.18 use the command set

Figure 2.19 command tftpdnld

connections to the Other Router

2009-07-04T07:41:00.022+07:00

Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) is a useful tool to overcome the incomplete or inaccurate network. CDP is media and protocol independent, CDP only displays information about the nearest neighbor router connection. Diharapan after the module is able to:

Enable and disable CDP
Understanding the command show cdp neighbors
Determine which neighboring devices are connected to the respective local interface
Obtain information about neighboring devices using CDP
Create a connection to the router via telnet
Verify the connection via telnet
Diskonek of telnet
Testing performance connectivity
Troubleshoot remote terminal connections

1. CDP
CDP is a layer 2 protocol that connects to the Medi physical and network layer protocols, as shown by figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 CDP

CDP is used to obtain information about the cisco neighbors, such as information about the type of device that is connected, the connected interface, the interface used to connect devices and the number of models. CDP is media and protocol independent, and the road above the Subnetwork Access protocol (SNAP).

CDP version 2 (CDPv2) is the latest version. Cisco ios release 12.0 (3) T or later CDPv2 use, while the default CDPv1 enable the Cisco ios release 10.3 to 12.0 (3) T.

When the device cisco boot up, CDP automatically start and devices to perform detection devices that use CDP neighbors. CDP operates at the data link layer and leave the system to learn tetangganay, although using a different protocol layer.

Each device is configured for CDP sends periodic messages, known as advertisement to cisco device that is connected directly. Individual advertise at least one address that received the message Network Management Protocol (SNMP). Advertisement also includes a time-to-live, or holdtime information that determines the length of the devices receive CDP information before Discard information. Each device is listen periodic CDP messages sent by neighboring devices.
Information about the cisco neighbors

To find out more about the cisco connected directly use the command show cdp neighbors. Figure 1.2 is an example of how CDP gather information about the cisco is connected directly. Send CDP type length values (TLVs) to provide information about each CDP neighbor device. Show cdp neighbors to provide information on:

ID of the device
Local Interface
Holdtime
Capacity
Platform
Port ID

TLVs and information that is only found in the CDPv2 is:

VTP Domain name management
Native VLAN
Full or half duplex

Figure 1.2 show cdp neighbors

Figure 1.3 show cdp neighbors

Commands CDP

cdp run
cdp enable
show cdp traffic
clear cdp counters
show cdp
show cdp entry (* | device-name [*] [protocol | version])
show cdp interface [type number]
show cdp neighbors [type number] [detail]

Cdp run command is used to enable CDP globally on the router. By default CDP enable conditions. Cdp enable command is used to enable men-kan-CDP.

Figure 1.4 the clear cdp counters

Figure 1.5 show cdp command

Figure 1.6 show cdp entry command

Figure 1.7 show cdp interface command

Figure 1.8 show cdp neighbors command

Design and implementation of the CDP is sederhan, low-overhead protocol. Through the CDP of the frame is very small and can receive a lot of useful information about the cisco device that is connected directly.

Information can be used to create a map of network devices that are connected directly. To find the device that is connected to the neighboring router, and then use the command show cdp neighbors.

Disable CDP
CDP can be disable with two level:

Using the no cdp run commands that are used in the global config. This command is used when only one device cisco CDP and run if there will be no use.
CDP can be disable from a particular interface. By using the command no cdp enable or no cdp advertise-v2-based version of CDP used.

Figure 1.9 disabling CDP

Figure 1:10 the CDP troubleshooting

2. Basic Router and routing

Telnet
Telnet is a virtual terminal protocol that is part of TCP / IP. Telnet is used for the remote host that is used to verify the application layer between the origin and destination. Telnet function on the application layer OSI layer. Telnet depending on the TCP to menggaransi data between the client and server.

Figure 2.1 telnet application layer to operate

The user can telnet to the remote from one another cisco to cisco. Hostname or IP address must be known to be able to perform remote telnet meggunakan. And to exit from the telnet session use the command logout or exit. For the telnet session can be done as follows:

Denver> connect paris
Denver> paris
Denver> 131108100152

Denver> telnet paris

Figure 2.2 telnet working

If you telnet to a router succeed, the router failed to address other error or access problems. The next step is to use the ping command to perform that function testing connection.

Figure 2.3 application layer testing

To find out where the telnet session is active digunaka show sessions command. The procedures used to diskonek telnet session as follows:

Enter the disconnect command 􀁗
followed by the hostname or IP address, eg: Denver> disconnect paris

Procedure that is used to exit from telnet:

Press the Ctrl-Shift-6, then x
Enter the hostname or IP address

Figure 2.4 telnet working

Testing connection with the PING
Traceroute command can be used to find where data is sent to the network. This command is similar to the ping command. Basic difference, if the ping for testing connectivity from end-to-end connectivity while traceroute tests each step the data.

If one of the router that passed unreachable, it will show signs 3 asterisk (*). To view the routing table on the router can use the command show ip route.
Below is a procedure using the ping command:

Enter the command ping followed by the IP address or hostname of destination
Press the ENTER

Meanwhile, to use the traceroute command:

Enter the traceroute command followed by the IP address or hostname of destination
Press the ENTER

Figure 2.5 testing connectivity with the ping command

Figure 2.6 connectivity testing with the command traceroute

Ping - use the ICMP protocol to verify mem-connection hardware and IP address from the network layer
Telnet - mem-verification application software layer between the source and destination
Traceroute - failure to provide a location between the source and destination

Figure 2.7 IP address troubleshooting

Router Configuration

2009-07-03T11:09:00.015+07:00

Initialization step is used to configure the router is not too difficult. Cisco ios provides many tools that can be used to be added in the configuration file. It is expected that after passing through this module, you will be able to:

Giving a name to the router
Setting a password
Understanding the show
Set up the serial interface
Set up the Ethernet interface
Running the router changes
Save configuration changes
Configuring interface description
Set up the message-of-the-day banner
Set up the host table
Understand how the importance of documentation and backup configuration file

1.Configuring the router
CLI command mode

All configuration will change the router CLI to global configuration or the global config. Config global configuration mode is most important. Global config used in the router to run the configuration commands. Prompt shown in the global config mode:

Router # configure terminal Router (config) #

Below are several modes that you can go to global config mode:

Interface mode
Line mode
Router mode
Subinterface mode
Controller mode

Type exit from one of the above mode will return to global config mode. Emphasis Ctrl-Z will return to privileged EXEC mode.

Figure 1.1 modes in cisco router

Configuring the router
A router should have a unique name. Giving the name of the router is the first step router configuration.

Router (config) # hostname Tokyo
Tokyo (config) #

When Enter is pressed, the prompt changed from the default hostname to Tokyo.

Configuration password
Password should always configured for virtual terminal (vty) and the console terminal. Password is also useful to control access to privileged EXEC mode so that only certain people who can only make changes to router settings.
The command below is used to setup a password on the console terminal:

Router (config) # line console 0
Router (config-line) # login
Router (config-line) # password

Password must be set in one or more terminal vty Askes rights to the user who connect via telnet. Generally, the terminal has a cisco router vty 0 to 4. Some types may have different number of vty terminal. The following command to use for setting vty password in the terminal:

Router (config) # line vty 0 4
Router (config-line) # login
Router (config-line) # password

Commands enable password and enable secret is used to enter privileged EXEC mode. Enable password command is used only if
enable secret has not been set. Enable secret command should be used, because the enable secret password is encrypted. While the enable password is not encrypted. Below are the commands used to setup a password:

Router (config) # enable password
Router (config) # enable secret

Sometimes it is not very secure if the password in clear text on the display terminal from the console command show running-config or show startup-config. To avoid this use the command as follows:

Router (config) # service password-encryption

The above command will display an encrypted password. Enable secret command uses MD5 algorithm for encryption.

Figure 1.2 configuration on the router password

Show commands

Show interfaces - to display all statistical router interface. To show a statistical interface, use the show interfaces command followed by the port number / slot interface such as the command below.

Router # show interfaces serial 0 / 1

Show serial controllers - displays information specific hardware interface. This command must be set, including the port number / slot of the serial interface. Example:

Router # show controllers serial 0 / 1

Show clock - shows the time settings in the router.
Show hosts - the list manmapilkan cache of host name and address.
Show users - manmpilkan all users who connect to the router.
Show history - shows the history of commands that have been made.
Show flash - display information about flash memory and ios files are stored there.
Show version - displays information about the version of software that are now complete with the road information and hardware devices.
Show ARP - ARP table shows the router.
Show protocols - shows the status of the interface global and khusu of layer 3 protocols that terkonfigurasi.
Show startup-config - displays the contents of the configuration file stored in NVRAM
Show running-config - displays the contents of the configuration file or the current road configuration from the interface or map class information.

Configure serial interface
The steps to configure the serial interface is:

Go to global configuration mode
Log In interface mode
Define the address of the interface and subnet masknya
The clock rate when connected to the DCE cable. There is no need to clock rate setting if the cable is connected to the DTE
Turn on the interface

Each serial interface must have an IP address and subnet mask for IP packet routing. Configuring IP address as follows:

Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address

Serial interface requires a clock signal to control the timing of communication. DCE equipment in general such as CSU / DSU provides the clock. By default, the cisco router is a DTE equipment but is configured as DCE equipment.

In the serial link is connected directly, such as the configuration in the Lab, one side must be set as a DCE and must be set clocknya signal. For setting the clock speed and use the clock rate. Clock rate that is provided in bits per second is 1200, 2400, 9600, 19200.38400, 56000, 64000, 72000, 125000, 148000, 500000, 800000, 1000000, 1300000, 2000000, or 4000000. The setting depends on the capacity of the interface.

By default the interface is off or disabled. To enable menghidupkannya or using the command no shutdown. If you want to restore the situation more simply put off the shutdown.
In the lab, usually in the clock rate set to 56000. command used for setting the clock rate as follows:

Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)#clock rate 56000
Router(config-if)#no shutdown

Figure 1.3 for the serial interface configuration

Make configuration changes
Before making changes, usually configurasi preview the current path with the command show running-config. If the variable is not displayed properly, to improve the way such as the following:

Use no in front of the command
Restore the configuration file from the beginning of the NVRAM
Copy the configuration file from the TFTP server
Remove the startup configuration file with the command erase startup-config, then restart and go to setup mode

To save the configuration file to the startup configuration in NVRAM, enter the privileged EXEC mode. As the command below.

Router#copy running-config startup-config

Figure 1.4 Procedure changes router configuration

Configure interface ethernet
Each interface must have the ethernet IP address and subnet mask for IP packet routing.
To configure the Ethernet interface as follows:

Log in to the global config
Go to the config interface
Define interface address and subnet mask
Enable interface

By default, the Ethernet interface in the off or disabled. To-kan-on with the command no shutdown. If you want to be returned off with the shutdown command.

Figure 1.5 configuration interface ethernet

2. Final configuration

Giving a description of the interface is very important to help users of information related to the interface, especially for large-scale network is very important to the provision of this description.
Description will also appear in the configuration file, although the description will not give any influence to the system.

Figure 2.1 a description of the interface

To configure the interface description, go to global config. Then log in to config by using the interface command such as the following description:

Use the command configure terminal to enter global config
Enter the interface to be configured, eg interface ethernet 0
Enter a description, for example, XYZ Network, Building 18
Use the keys Ctrl-Z to exit config interface and return to privileged EXEC mode
Use the copy running-config startup-config to save the configuration changes to NVRAM

Here is an example interface description:
interface ethernet 0
description LAN Engineering, Bldg.2
interface serial 0
ABC network description 1, Circuit 1

Figure 2.2 of the interface description

Login banner
Is the message that appears at the time of login. Login banners can be used to convey the message to all users. For example a message "Welcome" as a welcome message for the user to login to the router.

Figure 2.3 example login banner

Configuring message-of-the-day (MOTD)
Go to global config to configure the MOTD banner. Use the banner motd command, followed by a space and the separator characters such as pound sign (#). As the example below:

Use the command configure terminal to enter global config
Enter the command banner motd # #
Make the command copy running-config startup-config to save the changes

Figure 2.4 Configuration message-of-the-day (MOTD)

Host name resolution

Is the process where the computer system using the hostname with the IP address. To use the hostname IP communication with the other equipment, network equipment such as routers with IP diasosiasi must addressnya. Cisco ios memaintain cache mapping from name to address with the command EXEC. The speed of the cache affects the speed of conversion to the name address.
Hostname here is different from the DNS, where the hostname is just the name of the router.

Figure 2.5 hostname resolution

Hostname configuration table
To configure hostname table, first entry into the global config command ip host followed by the destination IP address. To perform testing connectivity to the host using the telnet or ping from the IP address followed by a goal. Procedure for configuring a host table as follows:

Log in to the global config
Enter the command ip host router followed by the name or IP address of the router dituju
Repeat above steps until all the routers can be called
Save configuration to NVRAM

Figure 2.6 host configuration table

Backup configuration files

Configuration should be saved and the backup for later in case there are problems with the system. Configuration can be stored on the server network (TFTP server) in the disk or stored in a secure place.

To save the current configuration the way to the TFTP server use the command copy running-config TFTP, such as the following steps

Type the command copy running-config TFTP
Enter the IP address of the TFTP server
Enter the name of the configuration file
Answer yes to confirmation

Configuration file stored on the network server can be used to configure the router. To do so as follows:

Use the copy running-config TFTP
Select the configuration file to include the router. Then enter the IP address the remote host where TFTP server is
Enter the name of the configuration file or use the default name. Default name is hostname-config file for the host and network-config file for network configuration. Example file name: router.cfg

To save the configuration to disk, how to capture the text on the router and save.

Figure 2.7 the backup configuration

Introduction to the router (Part 2)

2009-07-03T10:00:00.021+07:00

Figure 2.3 LED indicator on the router

Figure 2.4 initialisation router at bootup

In the image 2.4 on the statement NVRAM invalid, possibly due to write erase means the router is not configured or deleted the contents of NVRAM. So that the NVRAM invalid router must be configured and the configuration file stored in NVRAM. Factory-default settings for the configuration register is 0x2102, which means that Cisco routers have to load ios image from flash memory.

Figure 2.5 Example of initialization bootup

In the picture 2.5 the user can determine the version of the bootstrap and ios version. And also contains the following information:

Number of interface
Type of interface
The amount of NVRAM
The amount of flash memory

Figure 2.6 Example of initialization bootup

Figure 2.6 above the user has the option to enter setup mode. And the purpose of setup mode is to allow administrators to install a basic configuration.
Here are the steps router console terminal connection to the PC:

Connect the terminal to use RJ-45 to RJ-45 roll-over cable and RJ-45 to DB-9 adapter
Configure the terminal or PC software with the baud 9600, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit and no flow control

Figure 2.7 RJ-45 to DB-9 adapter

Figure 2.8 Terminal emulation software

Level access router

To enter and CLI can configure the router, the user must be logged in to the router. For security purposes, cisco has two access levels:

User EXEC mode contains 􀃆 commands for checking status router
Privileged EXEC mode contains commands to change the router configuration

To enter privileged mode, type enable at the prompt>. If the password has been set, enter the password in the password prompt. The two commands used for setting the password on the privileged EXEC mode is enable password and enable secret. After the login is done, will prompt changes to #. That indicates that the current user to enter privileged EXEC mode. Global configuration mode is accessible only through privileged EXEC mode. Here is a special mode that can be accessed from the global configuration mode:

Interface
Subinterface
Line
Router
Router-map

To return to user EXEC mode from privileged EXEC mode, use the command disable. Type exit or end or press Ctrl-Z to return to privileged EXEC mode from global configuration mode. Ctrl-Z is also used to kemblai to privileged EXEC mode from the sub-global configuration mode.

Figure 3.1 Router Mode

For help use command?. If a user want to set the router clock, and did not know what the command should be used, can be followed to do the following command:

Use the command? for clock setting. Then the clock will appear.
Check the command to change the time.
Press the Ctrl-P or Up Arrow to repeat previous commands. Then add? to the command as additional arguments.
Caret symbol (^) indicates the error occurred.
Enter the year, using the correct format and press Return or Enter to execute the command.

Figure 3.2 Example of the command in user mode

Figure 3.3 Example of command in privileged mode

Figure 3.4 Example of commands for setting the time

Figure 3.5 Example of commands for setting the time

Use the button shown by the image 3.6 that can be used to move the cursor on the CLI for the needs of the corrections or changes. To turn off the editing mode type the command terminal no editing at the privileged EXEC mode prompt.
To scroll back, press the Ctrl-B or Left Arrow repeatedly until the command is expected to appear. Ctrl-A is used to return the user directly to the start line.
Example image 3.7 . Dollar sign ($) indicates the line after the scroll to the left.

Figure 3.6 Use editing functions ios

Figure 3.7 Use editing functions ios

CLI also provides a history record of commands that have been made. The command history can be used for tasks:

The size of the buffer to the command history
Command recall
The command to disable history

By default the command history is enabled, to change history with the parameter type the command history size terminal history or size. Maximum size is 256 history.
To recall previous commands press the Ctrl-P or Up Arrow. Re-emphasis on this button to call the previous
expected. To return to the commands that are stored in the buffer using the stress history is the key Ctrl-N or Down Arrow.

Figure 3.8 Keys used for history

Figure 3.9 User interface error

Figure 3:10 shows the view from the command show version. Information obtained from this command is:

Version ios
Bootstrap ROM version
Boot ROM Version
Router up time
Last restart method
Location of the file system image
Platform of the router
Setting the configuration register

Figure 3:10 show version command display Conclusion

Conclusion :

Cisco ios software is software that controls the functions of routing and switching equipment from the internetworking
Cisco ios software using the command-line interface (CLI) as the console to configure the router
Cisco ios software have access to level 2: user EXEC mode and privileged EXEC mode
Initialisation is done with the router bootstrap loading, operating system and configuration files
Cisco routers use LED indicators to provide status information

Introduction to the router (Part 1)

2009-07-03T09:19:00.011+07:00

1. Cisco ios software

Same with the PC, router or switch will not work without the operating system. Without operating system, the hardware will not be useful. Cisco ios have the ability:

Basic routing and switching functions
Access to the network guaranteed keamannya
Operates at the network scale

CLI can be accessed in different ways. In general, the CLI is accessed through a console terminal. Console using the low-speed serial connection that is connected directly to the router from your PC. CLI can also be accessed via remote dialup modem connection to the router via the Aux port. Third way is via telnet to the router. To access this via telnet, at least one router interface is configured for network address (IP address), and virtual terminal must be configured for a login and password.
Cisco CLI to have a hierarchy structure. This structure is useful to make the kind of command to the router. For example, to configure the router interface, the user must enter the configuration mode. All configuration is inserted into the interface apply only to earlier inetrface that are configured. Ios provide interpreter service, known as command executive (EXEC). After each command entered, EXEC akan validate and execute the command.
Cisco ios divided into two-level access, the user EXEC mode and privileged EXEC mode. Privileged EXEC mode, also known as enable mode. Below are the features from the user EXEC mode and privileged EXEC mode:

User EXEC mode only has a limited commands. Usually includes only commands that are monitoring or view.User EXEC does not allow users to make configuration changes on the router. User EXEC mode is marked with a prompt>
Contain privileged EXEC mode command = command for access to the router. This mode can be used to configure the password. And usually this mode is often used by administrators to the commandments of the configuration and management. Global configuration mode and other configuration mode can only be done through this mode. Privileged EXEC mode prompt marked with #

For access to the privileged level EXEC mode, which is located on the user-level EXEC user must type the command enable at the prompt>, if the password is entered correctly then the prompt will change to #. This indicates that the user is now in the privileged EXEC level. Commands entered at the time, it will show commands what may be done at that time.

Figure 1.1 Level user mode on the router

Figure 1.2 The change from user to privileged EXEC EXEC

Cisco is always to develop the software to update ios image features and the latest technology. Each image shows the features and services. Although there are many ios image, but the basic structure remains the same. Naming of the various Cisco ios release consists of 3 parts:

Platform image where it is executed
Features that are supported by a particular image
Diamanapun image is always executed in the form of a file terkompresi

One of the things that can be used to select as acuhan ios image is compatibility with the flash and RAM. In general, the release of more new features and require increased RAM and flash that big. To find out the size of the flash image and use the command show version.
Before install Csco ios to the router, first check whether the flash and RAM required to install ios meet. To see the size of RAM you can use the command show version. As an example look at the bottom of this.

Router>show flash â€¦â€¦
[12655376 bytes used, 4121840 available, 16777216 total] 16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)

Cisco ios have 3 modes:

ROM monitor
Boot ROM
Cisco ios

At startup, cisco call normal RAM and run a third of that mode. System administrators can use the configuration register setting to set the default startup.
ROM monitor is used to bootstrap the process and provide a low-level functions and for the purpose of diagnosis. This mode is used to restore the system failure (system failures) and restore the password. This mode can not be accessed via the network interface, and can only be accessed through the physical connection through the console port.
At the time of the router on the road ROM mode, only a few features that walk ios. Boot ROM allows the operation to flash memory storage and used to replace the Cisco ios image stored in flash. Cisco ios can be modified in the boot ROM with the command copy flash TFTP. This copy ios image on the TFTP server to router flash memory.
Normally the full Cisco router ios image stored in flash. Some devices, ios run directly from flash. However, most Cisco router require a copy ios to Ram and also run out of RAM. Some ios image stored in flash in the terkompresi and must be extract at the time copied to RAM.
To find out ios image and the version that is being used the way the command show version. Command is used to show me flash-memory verification that Cisco needed to load a new ios image.

Figure 1.3 Operating Cisco ios

Figure 1.4 Display command show flash

2. Running Router

Initialization is done with the router bootstrap loading, operating system and configuration files. If the router can not find the configuration file, it will enter setup mode. Once completed the configuration mode in the setup, the configuration file will be created and stored in NVRAM.
The goal of the startup process is run to start operating the router. The process should be through the startup process as follows:

Verify the router hardware
Search for and load the software cisco ios
Search for and run the configuration file or to enter setup mode

When power is turned on the router first, make it power-on self test (POST). During this self test, make a diagnosis from the router to all ROM module hardware. Diagnosis for this mem-operating basis of the verification CPU, memory and port-port network interface. Once verification is complete, the router software to the process initialization procedure as follows:

Generic bootstrap loader in ROM is executed. Bootstrap is simple commands to the hardware testing and initialization ios.
Ios can be found in some places. Boot field from the configuration register determine the location that is used to load ios. If the boot filed to the flash point or a network, the command system on the boot configuration file also shows the location of the image.
Operating system on the image loaded. Ios when loaded and in operation, the list hardaware and software components will be displayed on the console terminal screen.
Configuration file in NVRAM is loaded to main memory and executed. Commands in the configuration file is executed to start the process of routing, pengalamatan interface and determine other characteristics.
If the configuration file is invalid, operating system will find the configuration file on the TFTP server. If not found TFPT server, setup dialog that will be used.

Setup mode aims to allow network administrators to install a basic router configuration when the router does not have any configuration files. On this mode are marked with square brackets []. Press Enter to use the default option. Ctrl-C to end the process.
During the configuration process is completed in the setup mode, the display below will appear in the console terminal screen.

[0] Go to the IOS command prompt without saving this config.
[1] Return back to the setup without saving this config.
[2] Save this configuration to nvram and exit. Enter your selection
[2]:

Figure 2.1 Steps in the router initialization

Figure 2.2 Example of the display setup mode

Cisco routers use LED as a status indicator. LED indicator to show the interface of the indicator status of each interface. LED indicates flame interface is active and connected to the network, the LED does not indicate a flame interface is not active. If the interface is too busy, glowing green LED marked. Green means OK.

continued in the Introduction to the router (Part 2)

DNS

2009-07-02T16:56:00.008+07:00

Domain Name System (DNS) is the "Distribute Database System" that is used to search the computer name (name resolution) in the network using TCP / IP
DNS is an application services commonly used on the Internet such as web browser or e-mail that translates a domain name to IP address.

How DNS Works :

Map the DNS name into the computer IP address
Client DNS called resolvers and DNS server is called with name servers.

Principles of DNS

Resolvers send queries to name servers
Mencek name server to a local database, or to contact other name servers, if found to be notified if resolvers will not send failure message
Resolvers contact the host dituju using the IP address given name server

Resolvers will answer questions in two ways:

Cachenya view the content of their own (when the question was asked and the answer stored in the own cache).
Ask / query to the local dns server and interpret the results.

The IP number and name

History and setting the IP host name tersentral regulated by IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)
Dimotori by Jon Postel
List of tables are downloaded on a regular basis

Domain Name System (DNS)

"Table" which is managed terdistribusi
An administrator to manage a particular domain.
Domain can have a sub domain
DNS Inventor: Paul Mockapetris
Http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mockapetris
Data in the DNS is not just number but also IP: MX record, type of computer, OS, location, etc..

DNS Query Mechanism

Query DNS the same as the usual postal address
To find the address below, the address read from the back

DNS Query

Query to "www.paume.itb.ac.id" done with the sequence
. Ps
. Ac.id
. Itb.ac.id
. Paume.itb.ac.id
Www.paume.itb.ac.id = 167.205.21.82
It's cache to speed up the process

Classification Domain Name

GTLD (generic Top Level Domain)
Popular domains:. Com,. Net,. Org,. Gov,. Mil,. Edu,. Int,. Tv,. Fm
Have added the other domain-domain
. aero,. biz,. coop,. info,. museum,. name,. pro,. tv,. fm,. tk
Http://www.iana.org/gtld/gtld.htm
CcTLD (country code Top Level Domain)
. IN,. JP,. SG,. U.S., etc..
Each managed by an administrator appointed by IANA

Organization associated with the DNS

Global:
In the beginning: IANA
Now: ICANN (Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers)
Http://www.icann.org &
DNSO (Domain Name Supporting Organization)
Regional
APTLD, CENTR, APNIC, ...
Country
Different. In Indonesia: IDNIC / ID DOMREG / Domain Name Management Indonesia

Domain structure. ID
Domain must be below the second level domain
. Ac: academic (education)
. Co: company (the company)
. Or: organization, others
. Net: network (for ISP)
. Go: government (government)
. Mil: military
. SCH: school
. Web: web
Special:
. War.net.id: warnet

Topics Seputar DNS
Technical
Tools, server, setup, queries, etc..
Support: internationalization (IDN), IPv6
Non-technical
Rules for naming and registration requirements
Legal (law)
HaKI, trademark, cybersquatting
Dispute Resolution Policy

Questions about the domain
1. What is a domain name?
Domain name is an internet address naming system that is "humane".
What is humane? Because the actual address of the Internet protocol (IP) is the original form of the numbers that are difficult dihapal like this: 212.53.64.62.
The existence of the domain name to make naming the Internet protocol address to be simple and easy to remember.
For example www.kompas.com or www.yahoo.com. Domain name can be said as "a virtual home address on the internet."

2. How to structure a domain name?
Domain name consists of a structure hierarkis, where the highest level is called the Top-Level Domains (TLDs).
Currently, there are more than 200 TLDs are registered throughout the world. This number will continue to grow according to the era.
But among all TLDs, there are three the most popular, that is. "Com",
". Net", and ". Org".

How to structure a domain name?
Each TLDs must be officially registered at the institution who has authority to issue domain name, the ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers).
Each country has TLDs that berbedabeda. For example, TLDs are co.id to Indonesia, Singapore: sg, and so forth.
The com, org and net international valid, so can be used by anyone in the world.

How to structure a domain name?
Level two is the second after TLDs level domains (SLDs). One example is ajangkita.com, where the SLD is ajangkita. Other example, yahoo.com, kompas.com, hotmail.com, and so forth.
Level is the next level domain third, fourth, fifth, and so on. For example is www.ajangkita.com, where www is the third-level domain.
Third-level domain and so on made by the SLD, not by ICANN.

3. What are the types of domain name?
In general, the domain name consists of two types, namely:
Generic Top-Level Domains (gTLDs), which applies internasinal. Examples are. Com,. Org and. Net, as told above. Recently ICANN inaugurate seven new gTLDs that apply internationally.
Country Top-Level Domains (cTLDs), which applies only in a certain territorial area. For example, for Indonesia cTLDs =. Id, = UK. Uk, France =. fr, and so forth. Because the effect of territorial, each territorial rules have different systems of naming and registration for this cTLDs.

4. Anyone can register a domain name?
Who can, including you and me. But in a valid domain name registration system "who quickly he can." So for example you can not register the domain name or ajangkita.com kompas.com, because there is a book / have them.
However, some domains can be claimed by a particular institution or person, if he has a copyright on the name. For example, Microsoft Coorp. own the copyright to the domain name microsoft.com, so that can not be taken by
Other people.

5. Where to register a domain name?
For international domain name, many organizations that provide registration services. One of which is quite popular and as an official member of ICANN is Network Solutions (http://www.networksolutions.com).
In addition, many other institutions of registration of registered, such as register.com, joker.com, name4ever.com, and so forth. They compete with the rates and implement services that berbedabeda. In fact, there are also provides a free domain name, such as namedemo.com and namezero.com.

6. What are the Domain Name in Indonesia?
In Indonesia, there are several categories in accordance with the domain name types, namely:
Www.nama_perusahaan.co.id (for companies).
www.nama_organisasi.or.id (for organizations / foundations)
www.nama_akademi.ac.id (for college / university)
www.nama_departemen.go.id (to depart / ministries)
Www.nama_departemen.net.id (for ISP)
Www.nama_sekolah.sch.id (for schools)
Www.nama_anda.web.id (for anyone)

7. Anyone who may have the Domain Name in Indonesia?
All domain names can be in the top owned by anyone, provided that the procedures and meet the requirements for condition.
For example if you want to get a domain name ending with CO.ID, then one of the conditions required is the number SIUP ownership or NPWP on behalf of the company.
So also with the other domain names.

Structure of DNS
Domain Name System is a hierarchical domain-based grouping
name, which is divided into several sections including:
Root Domain
Top Level Domains (Generic and Country)
Second Level Domains
Host Names (Third Level Domains)

DNS has several advantages, such as:
Easy, DNS is easy because the user no longer direpotkan to remember the IP address a computer, just the host name (Computer name).
Consistent, a computer IP address can change, but the host name should not be changed.
Simple, user only uses one name for the domain name in both the Internet and the Intranet, although there are a lot of mirror servers that are used.

SQL Basics

2009-07-02T13:28:00.002+07:00

SQL COMMAND

SQL stands for Structured Query Language. SQL is a standard computer language for accessing and manipulating databases. The entire application database that circulating in the market, both free and licensed, to adopt language to manage SQL database.

Some of the SQL command or the SQL command to know is:

CREATE DATABASE, to create a database.
DROP DATABASE to remove a database.
CREATE TABLE, to create a table.
Alter TABLE, to modify a table.
DROP TABLE to remove a table.
SELECT , to display data from the database.
UPDATE, to modify the data from the database.
INSERT INTO, to add data in the database.
DELETE, to delete data from the database.

While the SQL command to have advanced quite a lot. Command-level information is useful to process data in a manner that is more complicated and complex.

CREATE DATABASE COMMAND

Before working with the database, you must first create a database that will be the object work for you.

Syntax:

CREATE DATABASE database_name

After creating a database with the command as above, does not automatically your database contains the table-table. Your database in a state of empty. You must create a table-like tables that will be described in the next section.

DROP DATABASE COMMAND

If you want to delete a database, use the following command:

DROP DATABASE database_name

If you use the above command, all database and table that is in it will be erased.

Note: for Access, you may not use the DROP DATABASE command. If you use this command, your application will be garbled. If you want to delete the database from Access, you can delete the mdb file that was created by Access.

CREATE TABLE COMMAND

Then you can create a table with the following command:

CREATE TABLE table_name

column_name1 data_type,

column_name2 data_type,

.......

For example:

CREATE TABLE Person

LastName varchar,

FirstName varchar,

Address varchar,

Age int

You can also limit the size of each field utnuk produce a database file that is smaller:

CREATE TABLE Person

LastName varchar(30),

FirstName varchar,

Address varchar,

Age int(3)

For the data type, you can see again the first part of the material in this lecture.

ALTER TABLE COMMAND

Alter TABLE command can you use if you want to modify the structure of the table that you create. That is, if you want to add a new field or table that you have created, or you want to delete one or more fields that you have created, you can use this command.

The syntax is:

To add a new field:

ALTER TABLE table_name

ADD column_name datatype (size)

To remove an existing field:

ALTER TABLE table_name

DROP COLUMN column_name

DROP TABLE COMMAND

To delete a table, such as the following command:

DROP TABLE table_name

Note: Please note that if you delete a table, then all existing file in it will be erased.

SELECT COMMAND

To display data from a database, you can use the SELECT command. Basic form of this command is:

SELECT column_name_1, column_name_2, dst

FROM table_name

If you want to display all data in a table without selecting one of the field, then you can use the following command:

SELECT * FROM table_name

SELECT DISTINCT STATEMENT

SELECT DISTINCT Statement is used to display data from one or more of the field (column) from a table. However, the difference between SELECT with SELECT DISTINCT is located in the results.

Note the sample table orders the following:

Company	OrderNumber
Sega	3412
W3Schools	2312
Trio	4678
W3Schools	6798

If you use the SELECT command like this:

SELECT Company FROM Orders

then the result will be like this:

Company

Sega

W3Schools

Trio

W3Schools

But if you use the SELECT DISTINCT like this:

SELECT DISTINCT Company FROM Orders

The results will be like this:

Company

Sega

W3Schools

Trio

Note that the SELECT command, the data "W3Schools" 2 times will be shown that there is appropriate data, whereas with the command SELECT DISTINCT, then the data "W3Schools" is only shown 1 times. So the command SELECT DISTINCT will not produce data that is identical or twin.

WHERE CLAUSE

You can also add a condition in the SELECT command to display the data is more specific.

Basic syntax of the command is WHERE:

SELECT column FROM table

WHERE column operator value

where the operator is:

Operator	Description
=	Equal
<> or !=	Not equal
>	Greater than
<	Less than
>=	Greater than or equal
<=	Less than or equal
BETWEEN	Between an inclusive range
LIKE	Search for a pattern

Note the PERSONS table below:

LastName	FirstName	Address	City	Year
Hansen	Ola	Timoteivn 10	Sandnes	1951
Svendson	Tove	Borgvn 23	Sandnes	1978
Svendson	Stale	Kaivn 18	Sandnes	1980
Pettersen	Kari	Storgt 20	Stavanger	1960

If you use the SELECT command with a WHERE attributes such as the following:

SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City='Sandnes'

The results will be displayed like this:

LastName	FirstName	Address	City	Year
Hansen	Ola	Timoteivn 10	Sandnes	1951
Svendson	Tove	Borgvn 23	Sandnes	1978
Svendson	Stale	Kaivn 18	Sandnes	1980

Note that the displayed data is coming from the city "Sandnes" in accordance with the conditions provided in the command above. Pay attention to any posts in quotes ( ") is used, the following is true:

For a text value:

The correct syntax:

SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName='Tove'

The wrong Syntax:

SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName=Tove

Value to a number:

The correct syntax:

SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE Year>1965

The wrong Syntax:

SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE Year>'1965'

LIKE CLAUSE

LIKE statement you can add to the SELECT command to a condition that resembles something.

The syntax is:

SELECT column FROM table_name

WHERE column LIKE conditions

In this command, use a "%" to indicate something that is not yet known.

Note the following example:

SELECT * FROM Persons

WHERE FirstName LIKE 'O%'

The above command will display all the data that-firstname berawalan it with the letter "O".

SELECT * FROM Persons

WHERE FirstName LIKE '%a'

While the above example will generate all the data that firstname is ending with the letter "a".

SELECT * FROM Persons

WHERE FirstName LIKE '%la%'

While the above this will generate all the data that it has a firstname letter "la" in the middle.

ORDER BY STATEMENT

ORDER BY statement is used to sort the data view based on one or more fields in order from beginning to end (Ascending) or from the beginning to the end (descending).

Syntax is as follows:

SELECT column_1, column_2, dst FROM table_name

ORDER BY column_1, column_2, dst ASC/DESC

Or you can also combine them with the other clause, such as WHERE and LIKE as follows:

SELECT column_1, column_2, dst FROM table

WHERE column_2 LIKE conditions ORDER BY column_1 ASC

Note the sample table orders the following:

Company	OrderNumber
Sega	3412
ABC Shop	5678
W3Schools	2312
W3Schools	6798

Suppose you have a command like this:

SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM Orders

ORDER BY Company

The results will be like this:

Company	OrderNumber
ABC Shop	5678
Sega	3412
W3Schools	6798
W3Schools	2312

Note, that if you do not give a sign asc or desc, the results will be displayed asc (series from the beginning to end, or from small to large).

You can also combine several conditions at once. Note the following example:

SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM Orders

ORDER BY Company DESC, OrderNumber ASC

The result will be like this:

Company	OrderNumber
W3Schools	2312
W3Schools	6798
Sega	3412
ABC Shop	5678

Note that the results indicate that the company will be in the field in descending order, and in the field akan ordernumber in Ascending order.

AND dan OR STATEMENT

Statement AND or OR can be used to combine 2 different conditions to run in the WHERE command.

Note the sample table PERSONS following:

LastName	FirstName	Address	City
Hansen	Ola	Timoteivn 10	Sandnes
Svendson	Tove	Borgvn 23	Sandnes
Svendson	Stephen	Kaivn 18	Sandnes

Suppose you have a command like this:

SELECT * FROM Persons

WHERE FirstName='Tove'

AND LastName='Svendson'

The results will be like this:

LastName	FirstName	Address	City
Svendson	Tove	Borgvn 23	Sandnes

Or you have a command like this example:

SELECT * FROM Persons

WHERE firstname='Tove'

OR lastname='Svendson'

But the results will be displayed is like this:

LastName	FirstName	Address	City
Svendson	Tove	Borgvn 23	Sandnes
Svendson	Stephen	Kaivn 18	Sandnes

You can also combine AND and OR statements at the same time, for example:

SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE

(FirstName='Tove' OR FirstName='Stephen')

AND LastName='Svendson'

The results will be like this:

LastName	FirstName	Address	City
Svendson	Tove	Borgvn 23	Sandnes
Svendson	Stephen	Kaivn 18	Sandnes

UPDATE COMMAND

UPDATE command is used to modify data (records) that are in a table.

The syntax is:

UPDATE table_name

SET column_name = new_value

WHERE column_name = old_value

Note the sample table PERSONS following:

LastName	FirstName	Address	City
Nilsen	Fred	Kirkegt 56	Stavanger
Rasmussen	Ani	Storgt 67

Suppose you have a command like this:

UPDATE Person SET FirstName = 'Nina'

WHERE LastName = 'Rasmussen'

So the result is like this:

LastName	FirstName	Address	City
Nilsen	Fred	Kirkegt 56	Stavanger
Rasmussen	Nina	Storgt 67

Note that the previous record was "Ani" was changed to "Nina" after the command is executed.

INSERT INTO COMMAND

INSERT INTO command is used to add new data on a table, not to modify the data in one field only.

The syntax is:

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, dst)

VALUES (column1_value, column2_value, dst)

Note the PERSONS table below:

LastName	FirstName	Address	City
Pettersen	Kari	Storgt 20	Stavanger

To add the new data, you can use the INSERT INTO. Following example:

INSERT INTO Persons (LastName, FirstName, Address, City)

VALUES ('Hetland', 'Camilla', 'Hagabakka 24', 'Sandnes')

Or the command like this:

INSERT INTO Persons

VALUES ('Hetland', 'Camilla', 'Hagabakka 24', 'Sandnes')

Note that because the contents of a text field, then the value that is given the quotation marks

( '') which signifies or text string. The result is as follows:

LastName	FirstName	Address	City
Pettersen	Kari	Storgt 20	Stavanger
Hetland	Camilla	Hagabakka 24	Sandnes

You can also add data in specific fields, but still create a new line (not to replace the old data).

Note the following table PERSONS:

LastName	FirstName	Address	City
Pettersen	Kari	Storgt 20	Stavanger
Hetland	Camilla	Hagabakka 24	Sandnes

Suppose you have a command like this:

INSERT INTO Persons (LastName, Address)

VALUES ('Rasmussen', 'Storgt 67')

So the result is:

LastName	FirstName	Address	City
Pettersen	Kari	Storgt 20	Stavanger
Hetland	Camilla	Hagabakka 24	Sandnes
Rasmussen		Storgt 67

Note that the new data does not replace the position of the old data, but occupying a new line with 2 blank fields contents.

DELETE COMMAND

DELETE command is used to remove data from a table. Remove this function will be run under the given conditions. Therefore you need to remember to always provide a condition so that the erased data is completely the data you want to delete.

This can not only remove the content of a particular field only. The entire field in a series of rows will be deleted if it met specified conditions.

The syntax is:

DELETE FROM table_name

WHERE column_name = value

Note the sample table PERSONS following:

LastName	FirstName	Address	City
Nilsen	Fred	Kirkegt 56	Stavanger
Rasmussen	Nina	Stien 12	Stavanger

Suppose you have a command like this:

DELETE FROM Person WHERE LastName = 'Rasmussen'

The results will be like this:

LastName	FirstName	Address	City
Nilsen	Fred	Kirkegt 56	Stavanger

Note that all data belonging Rasmussen will be deleted.

If you want to delete all the rows that have, you can use the following:

DELETE FROM table_name

atau

DELETE * FROM table_name

Then all data in the table that will be lost altogether.

SOFTWARE Engineering

2009-07-02T10:51:00.003+07:00

Importance of Software Engineering and Software

All developed countries rely on the economic software
The more the system is controlled by the Software
Software Engineering associated with the theory, methods and tools for the professional development of Software .
Expenditure of funds for PL in the developed countries is very big.
Software Price more often dominate computer system price. Software price of the PC is often more expensive than the price of the device severity.
Cost of maintenance are more expensive than the Software cost pembuatannya.
Software Engineering associated with the effective cost of making Software .

Do Software?

computer programs and documentation related documents such as needs, design, and user manual.
Software products can be built for specific users or the public:
Generic - developed to be sold to users who are different - for example, Software for the PC as Excel or Word.
Bespoke (custom) - for specific users / customers according to their needs.
Software new, can be made with the new build program, the configuration system Software , or use again (reuse) programs that already exist.

Are Software Engineering?

Discipline engineering or technical knowledge related to all aspects in making Software
Software Engineering must follow a systematic and organized and use the tools and techniques that are suitable in accordance with the issues that will be solved, and the restriction of development resources available
differences in Software Engineering and Computer Science?
Science related to computer theory and basic concepts; Software Engineering practices related to the development of Software .
Theory in computer science as it was less than Software Engineering.

differences in Software Engineering and System Engineering?

Engineering system with all related aspects in the development of computer-based systems, including hardware, engineering and the Software process. Software Engineering is part of the engineering system that includes the development of Software , infrasktruktur, control, application and database on the system.
The expert system (system engineers) are involved in system specification, architectural design, integration and launch.

What is Software Process?

A series of activities which aim is the development or evolution of Software
general activity in all the Software :
Specification - what the limits of the system and development
Development of production-system Software
Validation - checking whether the Software in accordance with customer demand
Evolution - changing to adjust the Software change request.

What software process model?
Simple illustration of the process of Software , based on certain views, such as:

Workflow - a sequence of events;
Data-flow - flow of information;
Role / action - who did what.
Model process, for example
Waterfall;
Iterative development;
Component-based software engineering.

How much cost Software Engineering

In 60% of the gross cost for development and 40% for testing. For custom-Software , the cost often exceeds the cost of the evolution of development ..
Costs vary depending on the type of system that was built and the needs of the system such as performance and system reliability.
Distribution costs depend on the model of development used.

CASE TOOL

2009-07-02T10:33:00.000+07:00

What is CASE?
In general, a software engineer and engineer of the other disciplines in the build / develop a product, have the following characteristics:

Knowing the benefits of tools that can help in building / developing a product.
Ability to organize tools that enable it to work quickly and efficiently.
Have technical knowledge to build / develop the product in use and powerful tools to help their work.

In software engineering has been recognized many tools (computer-base system) is known as the Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE). CASE is a technique used to help one or several phases in the software life-cycle, including phase analysis, design, implementation and maintenance of software. Benefits of CASE tools for software engineers is described as follows:

CASE tools increase the possibility of automation of each phase in the life-cycle software.
CASE tools are very helpful in improving the quality of a software design model before the software is built / developed, both for the software that was built in simple and complex environment.

There are many tools that support the development / development of a software. To avoid confusion, CASE tools were divided into several categories:

Information engineering-supporting products. There are a few of the life-cycle, which resulted from the company's strategic plan and that provides a repository to create and maintain enterprise models, data models and process models.
Structured diagramming-supporting products. This product is in support memodelkan data flow, control flow and entity flow.
Structured development aids-providing products. Is a product that matches the system used by analysts, as supported by a structured process so that penganalisaan more quickly and accurately.
Application-code-Generating products. This product is able to produce application-specific code for the purpose set by designer.

CASE tools classified as follows:

Upper CASE. CASE tools designed to support the planning, identification, and selection of projects (from beginning of project planning), precisely on the analysis and design phase of a system development life cycle (SDLC). Tools that include this class is the type of Diagramming tools, Form and report generators, and Analysis tools. Example of CASE tools: Cradle, PRO-IV Workbench, ProKit * WORKBENCH.
Lower CASE. CASE tools designed to support the implementation and maintenance phases of SDLC. Tools that include this class is the type of code generators. Example of CASE tools: Level / l-Sensitive Users CASE, PRO-IV application Development.
Cross life-cycle CASE / Integrated CASE (I-CASE). CASE tools designed to support aktifikas-activity that occurs in several phases of SDLC. Combining Upper and Lower CASE into one. Tools that include this class is the type of Project management tools. Example of CASE tools: Rational Rose, Poseidon, ArgoUML, Catalyze, in-Step, Juggler, PRINCE.

Why should use CASE? This preference is the emergence of CASE tools: as for the software engineer is just making the software to optimize the work of others. While the software engineer in the activities themselves have not fully terotomatisasi. So muncullah CASE tools to help the software engineer is.
When should use CASE? CASE tools have this, when:

The increasing market demand akan software, so that the required tools to expedite the making of software, in order to offset the demand markets.
The development of technology that was faster cause the client software to update the software engineers who already have or build new software that has a more complex specification.

Where CASE can be used? CASE tools used in all activities, software engineer, including in the process of analysis, design, implementation, installation and maintenance, both on the environment the simple to the complex that includes: database, people, hardware, network, operating system.
How do I use CASE? In using a CASE tools, there are several stages that must be done first. Among them:

Make a study of the technology so that we can prepare for the impact of technology changes that will happen later, so the model can be built later flexible to change.
Evaluate how existing organizations must be rebuilt to take advantage of new technology.
Set a provision to replace the old system with new technology the most effective.
Define a system development methodology.

After these stages, then we can determine that CASE tools will be used, eg: Poseidon for UML or ArgoUML.

ArgoUML
ArgoUML is an interactive tool that is used for designing, developing and documenting the software-based object. ArgoUML was built by Jason Robbins with colleagues at the University of California.
ArgoUML is used by the designers, developers, analysts, and others involved in the analysis, design and development of a software. One of the advantages is 100% platform independent and open source. ArgoUML does not actually own to manufactured / marketed officially. There are some issues that may arise during use. Compared with a similar commercial tools, ArgoUML can be less stable. However, because it is the open source ArgoUML, the destination so that we can expand and mengcustomize own features you want and improve the mistakes that were found.
For the purpose of educational and commercial, ArgoUML can be more interesting peminat. This is evident until mid-2001 there were already 100,000 people who download the ArgoUML since first released in 1998.

Poseidon for UML
Poseidon is a commercial version of ArgoUML made by Marko Boger, which is one of the researchers at the University of Hamburg. He was also one of the team led by Jason Robbins when developing ArgoUML. Poseidon when Jason Robbins made out of the team to do other work.
Poseidon was built and developed in a way working together with experts and leading companies. The goal is to build a comprehensive tools based on the needs of different users.

Phase Development and Maintenance Phase
This second phase is not in one phase, because the second phase has a phase / stages each. However, in the maintenance phase of development is cyclic, is located within the development phase or become one of the software development phase. However, although such phase maintenance phase activities have withdrawn after the system installed and used. Maintenance includes corrections and improvements to the existing berabagai error.

Device software development that cyclic activities include among others:

Studies and Analysis
Global design
Design detail
Implementation
Operation and Maintenance

So the second phase is not in one particular phase, but the maintenance phase syclyc be part of the phase of software development.

Software Engineering Client / Server

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Structure system C / S

In the structure of C / S computer that is located on the other computers called servers and computer-komoputer level below is called client. Client request (request) a service provided by the server. In fact there is some type of structure the implementation of the C / S:

File server: the client requested a specific record from the file, and the server sends this record to record, via the client network
Database server: the client send a SQL (structured Query Language) to the server via the network. Server processes, gain information, and then send to client hasi
Transaction server: Client send a request to request a remote procedure on the server. Remote procedure in the form of a set of SQL statements (or can be also a function). Transaction occurs when the request is done by remote procedure and the results are sent back to the client.
Groupware server: the server provides various applications that enable communication between the client (and users who use) with the use of text, image, bulletin boards, video, and other way

Figure 1 provides an illustration of client and server are connected in a network and some services provided by a server based implementation structure of the type of C / S at the top.

System software components on the C / S
Software system for C / S has some component / subsystem which each have different roles and cooperate with one another. Sub-sub-system can be allocated on the client or diserver, or distributed in both. Components / Sub-system are:

User interaction subsystem: the subsystem consisting of all functions associated with the user interface. Subsystem that serves as a data presentation to the user.
Application subsystem: subsystem implementing this requirement have been defined according to the context domain. For example, business applications generate reports based on numerical input, calculations and database information. Groupware application provides bulletin boards, email or calendar. Software applications can be divided so that some components in the client and the other on the server. Application subsystem is also often called the business logic.
Database management subsystem: this subsystem is to manipulate and manage data required by the application. Data manipulation means such as records tell, or process a complex SQL transactions.
Middleware: software consists of the elements on the client and the server such as:

• elements of the network operating systems
• database software that supports specific applications
• object-request broker (ORB) standards
• groupware technologies
• communication management
• other features that facilitate the client-server connection

Distribution of software components
After the components are clear, then how to distribute these components. How the distribution of component models below:

Fat client: user interaction / presentation, and application on the client, while the server provides the data management. This model is used on the file server and database server.
Thin Client: only user interaction / presentation of the client, while the server provides the application / service and data management. This model applies to transaction and groupware server.

Fat or Thin term is based on how much business logic in the client, the less, for example, only for user interaction, then the Thin. Instead more and more business logic on the client, then the Fat. For example, our browser does not do anything except display the information or act as any user interaction. Another approach in allocating or distributing software component C / S is with 5 different types of configuration:

distributed presentation: a database and application / business logic diserver allocated, usually Mainframe. The server also includes logic to prepare the information on the screen using a specific software. On the client software is used to change the characters to the public for display on the screen. Information sent from the server to the presentation in the GUI in the PC.
remote presentation: in the database and application server, data that is sent by a server used by the client to prepare a presentation on the screen.
distributed logic: a focus on the user client presentation, data entry process. Focus on the management server to process database queries from the client, update the file server, client control, and other business applications.
Remote data management: an application on the server to create new sources of data with formatting data extract results from elsewhere. Applications placed on the client used to use the new data is formatted by the new server. Included in the DSS that this.
distributed databases: the data that form the database in some server and client. Therefore the client must support the data management software components, software components and application GUI components.

Make a link between the sub-sub-system software C / S
There are several mechanisms used to create a link on the sub-subsystem. This mechanism to be part of the network and operating system. The mechanism is transparent to end-user on the client side. The mechanism used is:

pipes commands -> used in the UNIX operating system, allows the transmission between the different engine operating system.
Remote Procedure Call (RPC) -> process can run one or the other modules that are in a different machine
C / S SQL interaction -> used to pass SQL requests and related data from one component (usually the client) to the other components (usually in the DBMS server). This mechanism is limited to applications RDBMS (Relational Database Management System).

For the implementation of object-oriented in the sub-sub-system software C / S using the Object Request Broker.

ORB is middleware that allows an object that is in the client to send a messsage to the method of ter-encapsulated by an object on the server.
That is, ORB and forward the message to handle all communication and coordination needed to find the object referred to by the earlier message, call methodnya, through which data is appropriate to the object and send the results back to the data object that message earlier.
Standards commonly used to implement the ORB: CORBA, COM, and JavaBeans. CORBA is a simple structure as in Figure 2. Time CORBA system implemented in C / S, object and object class and object in the client and the server is defined using the interface description language (IDL).

Routing Basics

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Routing is used to process a package of tools and a network to send through other means of disebuah a different network.
If you do not have a network router, then you clearly do not do routing.
To be able to perform packet routing, there are things that must be known:
• destination address
• Router-neighboring router from which a router can learn about a remote network
• Route to all who may be a remote network
• Route network for each remote
Router save routing table that describes the network-how to find the remote network.
The types of routing are:
• Static Routing
• Default Routing
• Dynamic Routing

IP Routing Process

IP routing process can be described using the following image:

Default gateway of host 172.16.10.2 (Host_A) configured to 172.16.10.1. To be able to send this package to the default gateway, should be known before the hardware address of Ethernet 0 interface of the router (which is configured with an IP address is 172.16.10.1). Why?
So that the package can be submitted to the Data Link layer, and dienkapsulasi into the frame, and sent to the router interface connected to network 172.16.10.0. Host to communicate only with the hardware address on the local LAN. It is important to understand that Host_A, in order to communicate with Host_B, must send the packet to the MAC address of the default gateway on the local network.

Static Routing
Static routing occurs if the administrator to manually add the route-route routing table of each router.

Static routing has kentungan-profit follows:
• No overhead (processing time) on the CPU router (router is cheaper than the dynamic routeng)
• No bandwidth used between the routers.
• Static Routing increase security, because the administrator can choose to put in access to certain network routing only.

Static routing has a loss-loss below:
• Administration must really understand the internetwork and how each router is connected to configure the router correctly.
• If a network is added to the internetwork, Administration must add a route all the router-manually.
• Static Routing is not suitable for network-network as a big guard will become a full-time job itself.

Default Routing
Default routing is used to send packages to manually add a network router to a remote destination that is not in routing table, to the next hop router. Bisanya used on the network you only have one path out.

Dynamic Routing
Dynamic routing is the routing protocol used to find the network and update its routing table on the router. And this is easier than using static and default routing, but it will differentiate you in terms of processes in the router CPU and bandwidth usage of network link

Routed and Routing Protocol
Protocol is no other description of formal or rule-set and the conversion rule that determines how the devices in a network exchange information. Following two types of basic protocol.
• Routed protocols
It is the protocols that can dirutekan by a router. Routed protocol allows the router to properly interpret the logical network. Examples of routed protocols: IP, IPX, AppleTalk, and DECnet.
• Routing protocol
Protocols are used to treat routing table on the router-router. Example of OSPF routing protocol, among others, RIP, BGP, IGRP, and EIGRP
RIP Routing Information Protocol. Distance vector protocol - treat a list of distance to other network-network based on the number of hop, ie, the number of routers that must be lalui by packets to reach the destination address. RIP is limited to 15 hop. Broadcast on the update in every 30 seconds for all RIP router in order to maintain integrity. RIP dimplementasikan suitable for small networks.
OSPF Open shortest Path First. Link-state protocol using a metric based on the speed of the network to define paths to other networks. Each router treat simple map of the entire network. Update-update is done via multicast, and sent. If configuration changes occur. OSPF is suitable for large networks.
EIGRP Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol. Distance-vector protocol treat a set of metric distance for the complex to the other network. EIGRP is also combines the concept of a link state protocol. Broadcast-in-update broadcast every 90 seconds to close all EIGRP routers. Each update only enter changes in the network. EIGRP is very suitable for large networks.
BGP is a distance vector exterior gateway protocol that works intelligently to treat paths to other networks. Up-date update is sent via TCP connections.

Administrative Distance
Administrative distance (abbreviated AD) is used to measure the so-called to-be-trusted-an from the routing information received by a router from a neighbor router. AD is an integer number from 0 to 255, where 0 is the most trusted and 255 means no traffic akan akan data through this route.
If the router receives two updates on the same remote network, then the first thing that is checked by the router AD. If one route from the advertised (to be announced by another router) has a lower AD than the other, then the route with the lowest-AD will be routed table.
If the second route that has advertised in the same AD, then called the metric of the routing protocol (such as chief or the amount of bandwidth of the connection) will be used to find the best path to a remote network. If still the same metric and the second AD, then use load-balance (load balancing).
The following table shows the default AD is used by a Cisco router to decide which route will be to a remote network.

Source route	AD Default
Interface that connects directly	0
Route statis	1
EIGRP	90
IGRP	100
OSPF	110
RIP	120
External EIGRP	170
Unknown	255 ( never used )

Routing Protocol
There are three routing protocol klas
Distance vector protocol Distance-vector find the best path to a remote network with the distance rate. Hop route with a distance of at least to the network dituju, akan, a best route. Both RIP and IGRP routing protocols are distance-vector type. RIP and IGRP send routing table to all the router-router that connects the lansung.

Or a link state protocol is also called shortest-path-first, each router will create three separate table. One of this table will record the changes of the network-network that is connected directly, one other table determine the overall topology of the internetwork, and the last table is used as routing table. OSPF is an IP routing protocol that is link-state. Link-state protocols send updates containing the update status of their own link to all other routers in the network.

Hybrid protocols using hybrid aspects of the routing protocol type of distance-vector routing protocol and the type of link-state - as an example is EIGRP.

Routing Protocol Distance-Vector Type
Routing algorithm Distance-vector routing tables to send the content you complete the router to neighboring routers, and then you combine entries in the routing table with the received routing table that they have, to complete the router's routing table.

1. RIP
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) to send a full routing table to all active interfaces every 30 seconds. RIP only uses hop number to determine the best way to a remote network, but RIP has a default value of the maximum hop number of licensed, that is 15, does not mean that the value of 16 (unreachable). RIP works well in small networks, but RIP is not efficient in large networks with WAN link or a network that uses a lot of router.
RIP V1 uses clasfull routing, which means that all equipment in the network must menggunkan the same subnet mask. This is because RIP V1 does not send updates with subnet mask information in it. RIP v2 provides something called the routing prefix, and can send subnet mask information with the update-update from the route. This is called classless routing

2. IGRP
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) routing protocol is a type of distance-vector property cisco (cisco-proprietary). This means all you need a router for cisco router using IGRP dijaringan you.
IGRP has a maximum hop number is 255, with a default value 100. This lack of help on the RIP.

3. EIGRP
Enhance Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is a routing protocol
distance-vector property cisco (cisco-proprietary) that have been improved, which gives an advantage compared to IGRP. Both use the concept of an Autonomous system to describe the collection of router-router is contiguous (berentetan, the sides) that run the same routing protocol and share routing information. But EIGRP subnet mask entered into the update its route. So that allows us to use VLSM and perangkuman (summarization). EIGRP has a maximum hop number of 255. EIGRP following features that are far better than IGRP
• Supports IP, IPX, and AppleTalk through modules that are protocol dependent
• Search the network neighbors efficiently
• Communication via Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP)
• Immigration best path through the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)

Routing Protocol Types of link-state
Open shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol is an open standard by implementation I have been a number of network vendors. If you have a lot of the router, and everything is not cisco, you can not use EIGRP, so your choice to stay RIP V1, RIP v2 or OSPF. If the network is large, then your choice is the only OSPF or do something called route redistribution-a translation service inter-routing protocol.
OSPF works by an algorithm called the Dijkstra algorithm. First cut a tree path (shortest path tree) will be built, and then the routing table will be filled with the best path-path tree from the resultant tesebut. OSPF only supports IP routing only.