Set the software ios

Cisco internetworking devices using multiple files to operate, such as Cisco ios image and configuration files. Administrator must set the file-file. This module expects you to be able to:

• Mengidenfikasi boot sequence
• Determine how the device is allocated cisco and load ios
• Use the command boot system
• Identify the value of configuration register
• Describes the files used by the ios and function
• Sign up the location of the file types on a different router
• Using TFTP and copy and paste to save the configuration file
• Using TFTP to load ios
• Using Xmodem to load ios
• Using the show command to verify the file system

1. Order of router startup

The goal of the startup routine ios of cisco router is to start operating. Router must be connected to the network, the startup routine should be followed step-step the following:

• Testing of hardware router
• Search for and load ios
• Finding and using the commands in the configuration functions such as protocol and interface address

Figure 1.1 router startup sequence

Setting the configuration register:

• Global configuration mode command boot system - used to determine the sources used / entered the router so that the process of sequence
• If the system boot from the NVRAM can be used, the system will use the ios in flash memory as the default
• If the flash memory contents empty, the router will attempt to use TFTP to load ios image from the network
• If the TFTP server does not exist, the router will load limited version of the ios stored in ROM

Figure 1.2 The location of the software ios

2. Use the command boot system

There are 3 systems used by the ios, the first load of flash memory, then from the network server and from the last ROM.

• Flash memory - the system image can be loaded from flash memory. Information stored in flash memory
• Network server - if damaged flash memory, image system can be loaded from the TFTP server
• ROM - bootstrap the last option is to boot from ROM

Figure 2.1 boot ios from flash memory

Figure 2.2 ios boot from TFTP server


Figure 2.3 ios boot from ROM

Command copy running-config startup-config save the commands to NVRAM.

Configuration register

To make changes to the configuration register, the following are the steps:

• To enter the ROM monitor mode, set the configuration register value to 0xnnn0, where nnn indicates the previous value. Set the value of nnn be 000. After reloading the router will boot to ROM monitor. Use the b to boot manually
• To boot from the first image in flash or boot to ios in ROM, set the configuration register to 0xnnn1, where nnn indicates the previous value. Set to 000, cisco with the old platform, such as cisco 1600 and 2500, will be limited to the boot ROM in ios. For more recent platforms such as cisco 1700, 2600 and higher will boot from the first image in flash
• To configure the system using the boot system commands in NVRAM, set the configuration register to 0xnnn2 until 0xnnnF. So start setting 0010 up to 1111. Then the router will be doing the boot sequence of commands stored in NVRAM until the process was successful

Figure 2.4 receive information from the configuration register

Figure 2.5 Configuration register

There are several reasons why the router can not boot correctly:

• Configuration file is missing or incorrect commands boot the system
• Configuration register value is incorrect
• Image in flash broken
• Damage to the hardware

When the router boots the first time, he was looking for the startup configuration in order to boot the system. Boot the system is able to force the router to boot from another image from the ios stored in flash.
Use the show running-config and boot systemnya see on the top of the line configuration. If the boot system is the wrong use ios no command to disable the command.
If the configuration register is incorrect, ios can not load from flash memory. Value of the configuration register indicates where to get a router ios. To confirm this, use the show version and see the configuration register.

Figure 2.6 identifies the source boot image

Set the file system Cisco

Software in the router indicated by the configuration file. Configuration contains a set of commands that determine how the routing switch and running. Network administrator to create the configuration file, for example, determine the IP address of interface, protocol and routing information between the network router. This configuration file may reach several hundred or thousand bytes.

Ios tersimoan flash in the future be used for operating system when first turned on the router. Flash also provides a mechanism for the operating system upgrade.

While the configuration file stored in NVRAM which is used for start-up the router, while for the currently running configuration file stored in RAM.

Image component software in the memory

Figure 2.7 General settings memory




Figure 2.8 commands ios versi12.0 and ios version 12.x

There are many versions ios cisco. Each platform's support ios router features. To identify the version differences, the format used way of writing the name of the file ios which divided into several fields, field-naming the file name field contains the identification ios platform, features, and release number.
The first part of naming the name of the file ios show of hardware platforms where image is designed. The second part shows the features are provided by the router. Example feature set provided by the cisco router:

• Basic - a basic feature set of hardware platforms such as IP and IP / FW
• Plus - means that basic features such as additional IP Plus, IP / FW Plus and Enterprise Plus
• Encryption - a 56 bit encrypted data such as the 56 Plus is a combination of features and base features plus, for example, IP / ATM PLUS IPSEC 56 or Enterprise Plus 56

The design of encryption Cisco Release 12.2 or K8 is the latest and k9:

• K8 - less than or equal to 64-bit encryption in the ios version 12.2 or later
• K9 - more than the 64-bit encryption in the ios version 12.2 or later

The third shows the format of the files stored in flash format terkompresi or not. If the file is terkompresi, at the time of the initial boot, the files will be in the extract and copy to RAM. The fourth release from ios show that is shown by the release number. The large number means that the new releasenya.

2.9 in the field-field naming ios

Set the configuration file with TFTP

All cisco router configuration must be saved in the backup and the TFTP server using the command copy running-config TFTP. While the process is as follows:

• Enter the command copy running-config TFTP
• Enter the IP address of the TFTP server
• Enter the name of configuration file or accept the default name
• Type yes to confirm

To backup the configuration file on the TFTP server to the cisco router, the following manner:

• Enter the command copy running-config TFTP
• Select a host or network configuration file
• Enter the IP address of the TFTP server
• Enter the name of the file configuration
• Type yes to confirm

Figure 2:10 copy running-config TFTP

Figure 2:11 TFTP command copy running-config

Another way to backup the configuration with the capture of the display show running-config. To do so as follows:

• Open the program hyperterminal
• Select Transfer
• Specify the file name to save the text configuration cisco router
• Select Select to start the text capture
• Use the command show running-config
• Press spacebar when viewing any posts "-More-"

When finished, use the following steps:

• Select Transfer
• Select the Text Capture
• Select Stop

After the capture is complete, the configuration file can also be obtained and the bias-edit with the text-text that is not necessary or even add new commands.

Figure 2:12 the configuration file

Figure 2:13 the configuration file

Ios must also be in the backup and upgraded. To make a backup ios can be done using the command copy flash TFTP. And how to upgrade the file to copy a new ios to release flas cisco router with the command copy flash TFTP. And to restore the process in a way to give the command copy flash TFTP.

Figure 2:14 ios image using the TFTP

If the ios image in flash erased or damaged, the process requires ios restore from ROM monitor mode (ROMmon). In some type of cisco router ROMmon demonstrated by prompt rommon 1>, for example:

rommon 1> boot flash: c2600-is-mz.121-5

Figure 2:15 confreg

And can also be done with the xmodem command, which is the format command xmodem-c image_file_name. Example to restore denghan name ios c2600-is-mz.122-10a.bin with how to use the command:

xmodem -c c2600-is-mz.122-10a.bin

Figure 2:16 command xmodem




Figure 2.17 file popup window

Variable minimum required to use tftpdnld is:

• IP_ADDRESS - ip address of the LAN interface
• IP_SUBNET_MASK - subnet mask of LAN interface
• DEFAULT_GATEWAY - default gateway for the LAN interface
• TFTP_SERVER - IP address of the TFTP server
• TFTP_FILE - ios the name of the file on the server

To use the bias is set on ROMmon

Figure 2.18 use the command set

Figure 2.19 command tftpdnld

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connections to the Other Router

Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) is a useful tool to overcome the incomplete or inaccurate network. CDP is media and protocol independent, CDP only displays information about the nearest neighbor router connection. Diharapan after the module is able to:

• Enable and disable CDP
• Understanding the command show cdp neighbors
• Determine which neighboring devices are connected to the respective local interface
• Obtain information about neighboring devices using CDP
• Create a connection to the router via telnet
• Verify the connection via telnet
• Diskonek of telnet
• Testing performance connectivity
• Troubleshoot remote terminal connections

1. CDP
CDP is a layer 2 protocol that connects to the Medi physical and network layer protocols, as shown by figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 CDP

CDP is used to obtain information about the cisco neighbors, such as information about the type of device that is connected, the connected interface, the interface used to connect devices and the number of models. CDP is media and protocol independent, and the road above the Subnetwork Access protocol (SNAP).

CDP version 2 (CDPv2) is the latest version. Cisco ios release 12.0 (3) T or later CDPv2 use, while the default CDPv1 enable the Cisco ios release 10.3 to 12.0 (3) T.

When the device cisco boot up, CDP automatically start and devices to perform detection devices that use CDP neighbors. CDP operates at the data link layer and leave the system to learn tetangganay, although using a different protocol layer.

Each device is configured for CDP sends periodic messages, known as advertisement to cisco device that is connected directly. Individual advertise at least one address that received the message Network Management Protocol (SNMP). Advertisement also includes a time-to-live, or holdtime information that determines the length of the devices receive CDP information before Discard information. Each device is listen periodic CDP messages sent by neighboring devices.
Information about the cisco neighbors

To find out more about the cisco connected directly use the command show cdp neighbors. Figure 1.2 is an example of how CDP gather information about the cisco is connected directly. Send CDP type length values (TLVs) to provide information about each CDP neighbor device. Show cdp neighbors to provide information on:

• ID of the device
• Local Interface
• Holdtime
• Capacity
• Platform
• Port ID

TLVs and information that is only found in the CDPv2 is:

• VTP Domain name management
• Native VLAN
• Full or half duplex

Figure 1.2 show cdp neighbors

Figure 1.3 show cdp neighbors

Commands CDP

• cdp run
• cdp enable
• show cdp traffic
• clear cdp counters
• show cdp
• show cdp entry (* | device-name [*] [protocol | version])
• show cdp interface [type number]
• show cdp neighbors [type number] [detail]

Cdp run command is used to enable CDP globally on the router. By default CDP enable conditions. Cdp enable command is used to enable men-kan-CDP.

Figure 1.4 the clear cdp counters



Figure 1.5 show cdp command



Figure 1.6 show cdp entry command




Figure 1.7 show cdp interface command




Figure 1.8 show cdp neighbors command

Design and implementation of the CDP is sederhan, low-overhead protocol. Through the CDP of the frame is very small and can receive a lot of useful information about the cisco device that is connected directly.

Information can be used to create a map of network devices that are connected directly. To find the device that is connected to the neighboring router, and then use the command show cdp neighbors.

Disable CDP
CDP can be disable with two level:

• Using the no cdp run commands that are used in the global config. This command is used when only one device cisco CDP and run if there will be no use.
• CDP can be disable from a particular interface. By using the command no cdp enable or no cdp advertise-v2-based version of CDP used.

Figure 1.9 disabling CDP

Figure 1:10 the CDP troubleshooting

2. Basic Router and routing

Telnet
Telnet is a virtual terminal protocol that is part of TCP / IP. Telnet is used for the remote host that is used to verify the application layer between the origin and destination. Telnet function on the application layer OSI layer. Telnet depending on the TCP to menggaransi data between the client and server.

Figure 2.1 telnet application layer to operate

The user can telnet to the remote from one another cisco to cisco. Hostname or IP address must be known to be able to perform remote telnet meggunakan. And to exit from the telnet session use the command logout or exit. For the telnet session can be done as follows:

Denver> connect paris
Denver> paris
Denver> 131108100152

Denver> telnet paris

Figure 2.2 telnet working

If you telnet to a router succeed, the router failed to address other error or access problems. The next step is to use the ping command to perform that function testing connection.

Figure 2.3 application layer testing

To find out where the telnet session is active digunaka show sessions command. The procedures used to diskonek telnet session as follows:

• Enter the disconnect command 􀁗
• followed by the hostname or IP address, eg: Denver> disconnect paris
  

Procedure that is used to exit from telnet:

• Press the Ctrl-Shift-6, then x
• Enter the hostname or IP address

Figure 2.4 telnet working

Testing connection with the PING
Traceroute command can be used to find where data is sent to the network. This command is similar to the ping command. Basic difference, if the ping for testing connectivity from end-to-end connectivity while traceroute tests each step the data.

If one of the router that passed unreachable, it will show signs 3 asterisk (*). To view the routing table on the router can use the command show ip route.
Below is a procedure using the ping command:

• Enter the command ping followed by the IP address or hostname of destination
• Press the ENTER

Meanwhile, to use the traceroute command:

• Enter the traceroute command followed by the IP address or hostname of destination
• Press the ENTER

Figure 2.5 testing connectivity with the ping command

Figure 2.6 connectivity testing with the command traceroute

• Ping - use the ICMP protocol to verify mem-connection hardware and IP address from the network layer
• Telnet - mem-verification application software layer between the source and destination
• Traceroute - failure to provide a location between the source and destination

Figure 2.7 IP address troubleshooting

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Router Configuration

Initialization step is used to configure the router is not too difficult. Cisco ios provides many tools that can be used to be added in the configuration file. It is expected that after passing through this module, you will be able to:

• Giving a name to the router
• Setting a password
• Understanding the show
• Set up the serial interface
• Set up the Ethernet interface
• Running the router changes
• Save configuration changes
• Configuring interface description
• Set up the message-of-the-day banner
• Set up the host table
• Understand how the importance of documentation and backup configuration file

1.Configuring the router
CLI command mode

All configuration will change the router CLI to global configuration or the global config. Config global configuration mode is most important. Global config used in the router to run the configuration commands. Prompt shown in the global config mode:

Router # configure terminal Router (config) #

Below are several modes that you can go to global config mode:

• Interface mode
• Line mode
• Router mode
• Subinterface mode
• Controller mode

Type exit from one of the above mode will return to global config mode. Emphasis Ctrl-Z will return to privileged EXEC mode.

Figure 1.1 modes in cisco router

Configuring the router
A router should have a unique name. Giving the name of the router is the first step router configuration.

Router (config) # hostname Tokyo
Tokyo (config) #

When Enter is pressed, the prompt changed from the default hostname to Tokyo.

Configuration password
Password should always configured for virtual terminal (vty) and the console terminal. Password is also useful to control access to privileged EXEC mode so that only certain people who can only make changes to router settings.
The command below is used to setup a password on the console terminal:

Router (config) # line console 0
Router (config-line) # login
Router (config-line) # password

Password must be set in one or more terminal vty Askes rights to the user who connect via telnet. Generally, the terminal has a cisco router vty 0 to 4. Some types may have different number of vty terminal. The following command to use for setting vty password in the terminal:

Router (config) # line vty 0 4
Router (config-line) # login
Router (config-line) # password

Commands enable password and enable secret is used to enter privileged EXEC mode. Enable password command is used only if
enable secret has not been set. Enable secret command should be used, because the enable secret password is encrypted. While the enable password is not encrypted. Below are the commands used to setup a password:

Router (config) # enable password
Router (config) # enable secret

Sometimes it is not very secure if the password in clear text on the display terminal from the console command show running-config or show startup-config. To avoid this use the command as follows:

Router (config) # service password-encryption

The above command will display an encrypted password. Enable secret command uses MD5 algorithm for encryption.

Figure 1.2 configuration on the router password

Show commands

• Show interfaces - to display all statistical router interface. To show a statistical interface, use the show interfaces command followed by the port number / slot interface such as the command below.

Router # show interfaces serial 0 / 1

• Show serial controllers - displays information specific hardware interface. This command must be set, including the port number / slot of the serial interface. Example:

Router # show controllers serial 0 / 1

• Show clock - shows the time settings in the router.
• Show hosts - the list manmapilkan cache of host name and address.
• Show users - manmpilkan all users who connect to the router.
• Show history - shows the history of commands that have been made.
• Show flash - display information about flash memory and ios files are stored there.
• Show version - displays information about the version of software that are now complete with the road information and hardware devices.
• Show ARP - ARP table shows the router.
• Show protocols - shows the status of the interface global and khusu of layer 3 protocols that terkonfigurasi.
• Show startup-config - displays the contents of the configuration file stored in NVRAM
• Show running-config - displays the contents of the configuration file or the current road configuration from the interface or map class information.

Configure serial interface
The steps to configure the serial interface is:

• Go to global configuration mode
• Log In interface mode
• Define the address of the interface and subnet masknya
• The clock rate when connected to the DCE cable. There is no need to clock rate setting if the cable is connected to the DTE
• Turn on the interface

Each serial interface must have an IP address and subnet mask for IP packet routing. Configuring IP address as follows:

Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)#ip address

Serial interface requires a clock signal to control the timing of communication. DCE equipment in general such as CSU / DSU provides the clock. By default, the cisco router is a DTE equipment but is configured as DCE equipment.

In the serial link is connected directly, such as the configuration in the Lab, one side must be set as a DCE and must be set clocknya signal. For setting the clock speed and use the clock rate. Clock rate that is provided in bits per second is 1200, 2400, 9600, 19200.38400, 56000, 64000, 72000, 125000, 148000, 500000, 800000, 1000000, 1300000, 2000000, or 4000000. The setting depends on the capacity of the interface.

By default the interface is off or disabled. To enable menghidupkannya or using the command no shutdown. If you want to restore the situation more simply put off the shutdown.
In the lab, usually in the clock rate set to 56000. command used for setting the clock rate as follows:

Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
Router(config-if)#clock rate 56000
Router(config-if)#no shutdown

Figure 1.3 for the serial interface configuration

Make configuration changes
Before making changes, usually configurasi preview the current path with the command show running-config. If the variable is not displayed properly, to improve the way such as the following:

• Use no in front of the command
• Restore the configuration file from the beginning of the NVRAM
• Copy the configuration file from the TFTP server
• Remove the startup configuration file with the command erase startup-config, then restart and go to setup mode

To save the configuration file to the startup configuration in NVRAM, enter the privileged EXEC mode. As the command below.

Router#copy running-config startup-config

Figure 1.4 Procedure changes router configuration

Configure interface ethernet
Each interface must have the ethernet IP address and subnet mask for IP packet routing.
To configure the Ethernet interface as follows:

• Log in to the global config
• Go to the config interface
• Define interface address and subnet mask
• Enable interface

By default, the Ethernet interface in the off or disabled. To-kan-on with the command no shutdown. If you want to be returned off with the shutdown command.

Figure 1.5 configuration interface ethernet

2. Final configuration

Giving a description of the interface is very important to help users of information related to the interface, especially for large-scale network is very important to the provision of this description.
Description will also appear in the configuration file, although the description will not give any influence to the system.

Figure 2.1 a description of the interface

To configure the interface description, go to global config. Then log in to config by using the interface command such as the following description:

• Use the command configure terminal to enter global config
• Enter the interface to be configured, eg interface ethernet 0
• Enter a description, for example, XYZ Network, Building 18
• Use the keys Ctrl-Z to exit config interface and return to privileged EXEC mode
• Use the copy running-config startup-config to save the configuration changes to NVRAM

Here is an example interface description:
interface ethernet 0
description LAN Engineering, Bldg.2
interface serial 0
ABC network description 1, Circuit 1

Figure 2.2 of the interface description

Login banner
Is the message that appears at the time of login. Login banners can be used to convey the message to all users. For example a message "Welcome" as a welcome message for the user to login to the router.

Figure 2.3 example login banner

Configuring message-of-the-day (MOTD)
Go to global config to configure the MOTD banner. Use the banner motd command, followed by a space and the separator characters such as pound sign (#). As the example below:

• Use the command configure terminal to enter global config
• Enter the command banner motd # #
• Make the command copy running-config startup-config to save the changes

Figure 2.4 Configuration message-of-the-day (MOTD)

Host name resolution

Is the process where the computer system using the hostname with the IP address. To use the hostname IP communication with the other equipment, network equipment such as routers with IP diasosiasi must addressnya. Cisco ios memaintain cache mapping from name to address with the command EXEC. The speed of the cache affects the speed of conversion to the name address.
Hostname here is different from the DNS, where the hostname is just the name of the router.

Figure 2.5 hostname resolution

Hostname configuration table
To configure hostname table, first entry into the global config command ip host followed by the destination IP address. To perform testing connectivity to the host using the telnet or ping from the IP address followed by a goal. Procedure for configuring a host table as follows:

• Log in to the global config
• Enter the command ip host router followed by the name or IP address of the router dituju
• Repeat above steps until all the routers can be called
• Save configuration to NVRAM

Figure 2.6 host configuration table

Backup configuration files

Configuration should be saved and the backup for later in case there are problems with the system. Configuration can be stored on the server network (TFTP server) in the disk or stored in a secure place.

To save the current configuration the way to the TFTP server use the command copy running-config TFTP, such as the following steps

• Type the command copy running-config TFTP
• Enter the IP address of the TFTP server
• Enter the name of the configuration file
• Answer yes to confirmation

Configuration file stored on the network server can be used to configure the router. To do so as follows:

• Use the copy running-config TFTP
• Select the configuration file to include the router. Then enter the IP address the remote host where TFTP server is
• Enter the name of the configuration file or use the default name. Default name is hostname-config file for the host and network-config file for network configuration. Example file name: router.cfg

To save the configuration to disk, how to capture the text on the router and save.

Figure 2.7 the backup configuration

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